Energy storage for self-sufficiency: Museums become more grid-independent

The world needs energy storage as we transition to renewable electricity from solar and wind sources. The sun provides the Earth with more energy in a single hour than humanity consumes in an entire year. This also presents a significant opportunity for cultural institutions, organizations, and culturally-related organizations that strive to become sustainable. Museums have begun to recognize and tap into this potential.

Solar energy storage has increased significantly in recent years. In 2017, only 2.8% of solar installations had storage systems. This number rose to 11.2% by 2021, and experts expect it to reach 29.3% by 2025. People now understand that combining different storage options helps meet local energy needs with smaller installations while reducing grid dependency.

Museums seeking to become self-sufficient have several options to choose from—from battery storage to thermal storage to long-term solutions. These technologies contribute to achieving sustainability goals and offer practical benefits such as lower operating costs and a reliable energy supply.

How energy storage has developed in public spaces

Combined with a lightweight construction, the embedded energy is much lower than in a solid building made of fired brick or concrete. The total energy input over the building's lifetime is negligible compared to conventional museum storage and archives."

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explains Tim Padfield , freelance preventive conservation consultant, formerly at the National Museum of Denmark .

Experience with energy storage dates back centuries to traditional methods such as pumped-storage hydroelectric power plants, which have been in use in the United States since the 1920s. Mechanical storage once dominated the field, but advanced technologies have drastically changed the landscape.

Energy storage solutions have become more accessible to more people through public facilities. Pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS) still serves as the backbone, accounting for 95% of utility-scale energy storage. Battery storage systems have grown significantly in importance, and lithium-ion technology now controls over 90% of the global grid-scale battery market.

Museums and cultural centers around the world are leading this development with groundbreaking initiatives. The California Indian Museum & Cultural Center now operates a 76.5-kilowatt solar system paired with a 220-kilowatt-hour lithium-ion battery storage system. This configuration allows the center to function as a cooling shelter, providing power to up to 125 people during power outages.

The National Nordic Museum supports its vision of becoming a "100 percent solar-powered campus ." These systems reduce operating costs and create centers for community resilience.

The United States generated 4 billion megawatt-hours of electricity in 2017, but had far too little storage, at just 431 MWh. However, this gap is closing rapidly, with BloombergNEF forecasting that energy storage deployment will grow 27% annually through 2030.

Design of a self-sufficient energy system for museums

To become truly self-sufficient, museums need a balance between the conservation of artworks and modern energy technologies. The most significant challenge is maintaining strict temperature and humidity control for artworks while providing visitors with a comfortable environment.

Thermal energy storage systems offer budget-friendly solutions for air conditioning needs. The Brusk Museum in Belgium demonstrates that this works well—it installed a 1,300 kWh ICEBAT cold battery system that keeps artworks safe even when cooling systems fail. The Fort Collins Museum of Discovery took a similar approach with its rooftop ice storage system. Their system generates ice at night, when energy costs are low, and uses it to cool the building during the day.

Smart inverters play a crucial role by converting direct current from solar panels into alternating current. These devices also support the grid with functions such as voltage regulation. Furthermore, long-duration energy storage (LDES) systems power facilities for up to 10 hours—much longer than typical lithium-ion batteries, which only last four hours.

The Children's Discovery Museum demonstrates how essential monitoring can be in this field. They used data loggers to track temperature changes and were able to reduce their energy costs by 48%. All it took was a few tweaks to their building automation system.

Museums striving for energy independence should combine various approaches. Experts suggest using thermal storage for cooling, batteries to power lights and electronics, and renewable energy tailored to the needs of each facility. This comprehensive strategy contributes to the preservation of artworks while also saving money and protecting the environment.

90% energy self-sufficiency achieved: the Brisbane Motor Museum

Since June 16, 2023, car enthusiasts in Brisbane have had an exciting new destination to explore. The Brisbane Motor Museum , located in Banyo, is a luxurious center designed specifically for car and motorcycle enthusiasts. Spanning over 900 square meters, the museum features an exhibition space showcasing 40-60 vehicles. Similar to an art gallery, the exhibitions change every three months and are themed.

To ensure optimal conditions for the preserved vehicles and provide a comfortable experience for visitors in the heart of Brisbane, a significant amount of energy is consumed daily to operate the continuous air conditioning and humidity control systems.

To mitigate the high electricity costs associated with these requirements, the museum commissioned Springers Solar to install a 100 kW solar system . To maximize the available space, the system includes 270 x 370 W SolarEdge smart panels strategically placed on both the sloped and flat roof areas of the building. The museum selected three 30 kW three-phase SolarEdge inverters, known for their exceptional performance in commercial applications.

Thanks to the integration of a 54 kWh battery storage capacity, provided by four Tesla Powerwalls discreetly placed inside, the museum achieves a remarkable degree of solar self-sufficiency. These batteries not only ensure the museum's safety and security, which is particularly important for preserving the materials of the "Old World" cars and bicycles on display, but they also serve as an immediate backup power source during power outages. Essential equipment would continue to operate seamlessly, and the batteries would offset the power consumption for temperature control at night.

By implementing this solar and battery system, the museum is significantly reducing its carbon footprint and electricity bill. It is projected to save 192 tons of CO₂ emissions annually, preventing them from being released into the atmosphere.

Advantages of independence from the power grid

"Summer heat is stored in the soil below and released into the building in winter. Relative humidity is reduced in summer by solar-powered dehumidification and in winter by increased temperature."

said Tim Padfield in his study.

Museums that achieve energy independence through storage solutions see benefits that extend far beyond their environmental impact. Energy costs account for a large portion of museum budgets and are typically the first or second largest expense. The Science Museum of Minnesota demonstrated remarkable results, saving over $300,000 annually by implementing advanced heat recovery systems.

These energy-independent museums also play a critical role in emergencies. The California Indian Museum & Cultural Center helps the facility function as a cooling shelter, protecting up to 125 people during power outages. This demonstrates how cultural institutions can become central hubs for building community resilience.

Buildings consume 35% of the world's energy, giving museums a unique opportunity to lead by example. Museums are trusted sources of information that can effectively educate visitors about climate solutions. They offer behind-the-scenes sustainability tours that showcase everything from solar panels to water-saving systems.

Several grant programs in the United States support these changes with grants ranging from $10,000 for initial planning to $100,000 for implementation projects. These smart investments allow museums to focus their resources on their primary educational and preservation goals, rather than paying utility bills. The result is institutions that protect both cultural heritage and environmental resources.

Germany has also funding programs for energy-efficient renovations and investments in sustainability. From a museum perspective, detailed research or consultation is worthwhile.

In a detailed expert article by the EcoFlow , which primarily consists of a group of battery engineers, interested parties are provided with an overview of the key points surrounding energy storage for off-grid living . It focuses in particular on the available technologies, what to consider when selecting a battery, and how to secure your own energy independence in the long term.

The importance of energy storage for self-sufficient living

With a storage system, you can use electricity whenever you need it. You can use solar energy generated during the day to light your home, power appliances, or charge your electric car at night. This flexibility makes homes less dependent on the power grid and ensures that the self-generated electricity is used to its full potential.

Another advantage is that it protects against power outages. Battery systems can provide power during power outages, ensuring that energy is always available for lighting, kitchen appliances, or heating systems, even in areas without a grid connection.

This storage makes significantly more energy available for self-consumption. People who generate more of their own energy need to buy less. This minimizes their carbon footprint and saves money on their electricity bill in the long run.

Thermal storage methods are also being used, along with batteries. These store thermal energy so they can quickly heat water or buildings. These methods, whether used with photovoltaics or small wind turbines, offer a long-term solution in areas with adverse weather.

Different types of electricity storage systems

Off-grid systems require efficient energy storage systems to store energy and release it when needed. Different technologies offer different advantages and applications.

Batteries: Lead-acid vs. lithium-ion

Lead-acid batteries are robust and cost-effective options. However, they offer shorter cycle life and capacity than more modern alternatives. For applications with frequent discharge, they provide limited cycling stability and require more maintenance.

Lithium-ion batteries store a lot of energy without being heavy and require little maintenance. While they cost more to purchase, they last longer and save money in the long run. They also allow for the efficient use of excess solar power, meaning less energy is lost.

Hydrogen storage as an alternative

Hydrogen storage systems use excess electricity for electrolysis and store it long-term. This technology allows for higher capacities and is particularly suitable for large-scale off-grid systems. One advantage is its long-term storage capacity, which compensates for seasonal fluctuations.

Installation requires complex technology and significant investment. Its use in the private sector remains limited. Hydrogen offers potential for sustainable energy systems, especially in combination with batteries.

Thermal energy storage

A heat storage tank essentially works like a large thermos flask: It stores energy in the form of heat, for example, in heated water. This allows the house to be supplied with hot water or heating energy—and this is especially valuable in cold climates.

Thermal storage systems are less suitable for meeting electrical energy needs. However, they often complement electrical storage systems to increase overall efficiency. These systems support a sustainable heat supply independent of the grid.

Selecting the right storage system

Service life and performance

With a service life of up to 10 years and high cycle stability, lithium-ion batteries are a reliable choice. Replacement intervals are minimized. At the same time, low charge loss and stable voltage ensure efficiency.

This reduces dependence on external energy sources and increases the stability of the off-grid supply.

Capacity and space requirements

Storage capacity should be adjusted to average energy consumption and seasonal fluctuations. Batteries with modular expandability offer a flexible solution. Individual capacities range between 3 and 5 kWh. Expansion options are available if needed.

High energy density is a key feature of batteries designed for space-saving installation. Lithium systems are more compact than lead-acid alternatives, making them particularly suitable for small installation spaces.

Costs and profitability

Lithium storage units require significantly less space than conventional lead-acid batteries, making them perfect for basements, garages, or other confined spaces.

Costs arise from frequent replacement cycles or technical failures.

Installation and maintenance of power storage systems

Security aspects

A safe storage area should be dry, well-ventilated, and free of flammable materials. Particular caution is required with lithium-ion batteries, which are the most commonly used. Advanced battery management systems (BMS) protect against overcharging and deep discharge. The devices do not overheat, and the risk of fire is minimal thanks to automatic temperature monitoring and emergency shutdowns.

An ambient temperature of 10 to 30°C is optimal. The storage tank must be located in an easily accessible location so that all safety devices can be checked regularly. Proximity to the electrical sub-distribution board saves cable runs and facilitates maintenance.

Maintenance instructions

Experts recommend a qualified electrician perform an inspection every four years . This includes cleaning the fans, checking the connections, and inspecting the case for damage. To maintain the proper functioning of lead-acid batteries, it is necessary to refill them with distilled water.

Temperature monitoring and ventilation should be checked regularly. Software and firmware updates are also required for lithium-ion systems.

What might the future of energy storage systems look like?

By 2035, we will likely see a significant decline in the costs of such systems, partly due to optimized production processes and increasing demand.

However, industry experts argue that more flexible storage solutions are needed to support the rapidly increasing use of renewable energy. To ensure consistent and less volatile access to energy, the role of decentralized systems is important.

Companies like EcoFlow Home Battery  use integrated storage solutions with smart controls and automated processes to improve energy management and optimize consumption.

Another focus is multifunctional storage systems . They can provide energy for a variety of applications, such as operating heat pumps or charging electric vehicles. To meet the increased energy demands of modern cultural institutions and art venues, the capacities of such systems are also growing.

Scientists are developing new technologies, such as solid-state sodium-based batteries . These have the potential to further improve energy density and cycle stability while minimizing safety risks. In the coming decades, such innovations will significantly shape the development of storage types.

Advances in efficiency, cost reduction and versatility are crucial to the decisions.