Energy storage for self-sufficiency: Museums are becoming more independent of the grid

The world needs energy storage as we transition to renewable electricity from solar and wind power. The sun provides the Earth with more energy in a single hour than humanity consumes in an entire year. This presents a considerable opportunity for cultural institutions, organizations, and cultural-related entities that want to become more sustainable. Museums have begun to recognize and tap into this potential.

The use of solar energy storage has increased significantly in recent years. In 2017, only 2.8% of solar installations had storage systems. This figure rose to 11.2% by 2021, and experts predict it will reach 29.3% by 2025. People now understand that combining different storage options helps meet local energy demand with smaller installations while simultaneously reducing grid dependency.

Museums aiming for energy self-sufficiency have several options to choose from – ranging from battery storage and thermal storage to long-term energy solutions. These technologies contribute to achieving sustainability goals and offer practical benefits such as lower operating costs and a reliable energy supply.

How energy storage in public spaces has developed

In combination with a lightweight construction, the embedded energy is much lower than in a massive building made of fired bricks or concrete. The total energy input over the building's lifetime is negligible compared to conventional museum depots and archives

explains Tim Padfield , freelance consultant for preventive conservation, formerly at the Danish National Museum .

Experience with energy storage dates back centuries to traditional methods such as pumped-storage hydroelectric plants, which have been in use in the United States since the 1920s. Mechanical storage once dominated the field, but advanced technologies have drastically changed the situation.

Energy storage solutions have become more accessible to a wider audience through public infrastructure. Pumped-storage hydroelectric plants remain the backbone of the energy supply, accounting for 95% of utility-scale energy storage. Battery storage systems have gained significant importance, with lithium-ion technology now controlling over 90% of the global grid-connected battery market.

Museums and cultural centers worldwide are leading this development with pioneering initiatives. The California Indian Museum & Cultural Center now operates a 76.5-kilowatt solar system paired with a 220-kilowatt-hour lithium-ion battery storage system. This configuration allows the center to function as a cold storage facility, providing shelter for up to 125 people during power outages.

National Nordic Museum 's introduction of solar PV and energy storage systems supports its vision of becoming a "100 percent solar-powered campus ." These systems reduce operating costs and create hubs for community resilience.

The United States generated 4 billion megawatt-hours of electricity in 2017, but with only 431 MWh of storage capacity, it was far from having enough. However, this gap is closing faster, as BloombergNEF predicts that the use of energy storage will grow by 27% annually until 2030.

Design of a self-sufficient energy system for museums

To become truly self-sufficient, museums need a balance between the conservation of artworks and modern energy technologies. The most significant challenge lies in maintaining strict temperature and humidity control for the artworks while simultaneously providing visitors with a comfortable and welcoming environment.

Thermal energy storage systems offer budget-friendly solutions for climate control needs. The Brusk Museum in Belgium demonstrates that this works well – it has installed a 1,300 kWh ICEBAT cold battery system that keeps artworks safe even when the cooling systems fail. The Fort Collins Museum of Discovery took a similar approach with its rooftop ice storage system. Their system produces ice at night, when energy costs are low, and uses it to cool the building during the day.

Smart inverters play a crucial role by converting direct current (DC) from solar panels into alternating current (AC). These devices also support the grid with functions such as voltage regulation. Furthermore, long-term energy storage systems (LDES) power facilities for up to 10 hours – much longer than typical lithium-ion batteries, which only last four hours.

The Children's Discovery Museum demonstrates how essential monitoring can be in this field. They used data loggers to track temperature changes and were able to reduce their energy costs by 48%. Only a few optimizations to their building automation system were required.

Museums striving for energy independence should combine different approaches. Experts suggest using thermal storage for cooling, batteries to power lights and electronics, and renewable energy sources tailored to the specific needs of each institution. This comprehensive strategy contributes to the preservation of artworks while also saving money and protecting the environment.

90% energy self-sufficiency achieved: the Brisbane Motor Museum

Since June 16, 2023, car enthusiasts in Brisbane have an exciting new destination to explore. The Brisbane Motor Museum , located in Banyo, is a luxurious center designed specifically for car and motorcycle lovers. Spanning over 900 square meters, the museum boasts an exhibition space showcasing 40-60 vehicles. Similar to an art gallery, the exhibitions change every three months and focus on a specific theme.

To ensure optimal conditions for the vehicles received and to offer visitors a comfortable experience in the heart of Brisbane, a significant amount of energy is consumed daily to operate the continuous air conditioning and humidity control systems.

To mitigate the high electricity costs associated with these requirements, the museum commissioned Springers Solar to install a 100 kW solar system . To make optimal use of the available space, the system comprises 270 × 370 W SolarEdge smart panels, strategically placed on both the pitched and flat sections of the building's roof. The museum opted for three 30 kW three-phase SolarEdge inverters, renowned for their exceptional performance in commercial applications.

Thanks to the integration of a 54 kWh battery storage capacity, provided by four Tesla Powerwalls discreetly placed inside, the museum achieves a remarkable level of self-sufficiency using solar energy. These batteries not only ensure the safety and security of the museum, which is particularly important for preserving the materials of the "Old World" cars and bicycles on display, but they also serve as an immediate backup power source during power outages. Essential equipment would continue to operate seamlessly, and the batteries would compensate for the electricity consumption required for temperature control at night.

By implementing this solar and battery system, the museum significantly reduces its carbon footprint and electricity bill. It is projected that 192 tons of CO₂ emissions will be saved annually, thus preventing their release into the atmosphere.

Advantages of independence from the power grid

"Summer heat is stored in the ground below and released to the building in winter. The relative humidity is reduced in summer by solar-powered dehumidification and in winter by an increased temperature."

so Tim Padfield in his investigation.

Museums that achieve energy independence through storage solutions see benefits that extend far beyond their environmental impact. Energy costs represent a large portion of a museum's budget and are typically the first or second largest expense. The Science Museum of Minnesota demonstrated remarkable results, saving over $300,000 annually by implementing advanced heat recovery systems.

These energy-independent museums also play a crucial role in emergencies. The solar and storage system at the California Indian Museum & Cultural Center helps the facility function as a cold storage shelter, protecting up to 125 people during power outages. This demonstrates how cultural institutions can become central hubs for building community resilience.

Buildings consume 35% of the world's energy, giving museums a unique opportunity to lead by example. Museums are trusted sources of information that can effectively educate visitors about climate solutions. They offer behind-the-scenes sustainability tours showcasing everything from solar panels to water-saving systems.

Several funding programs in the US support these changes with grants ranging from $10,000 for initial planning to $100,000 for implementation projects. These smart investments allow museums to focus their resources on their priority educational and conservation goals, rather than having to pay utility bills. The result is institutions that protect both cultural heritage and environmental resources.

In Germany, too, funding programs established for energy-efficient renovations and investments in sustainability. From a museum perspective, thorough research or consultation is worthwhile in this regard.

EcoFlow team , primarily comprised of battery engineers, provides interested readers with an overview of the key aspects of energy storage for off-grid living . It focuses particularly on the available technologies, what to consider when making a selection, and how to secure long-term energy independence.

The importance of energy storage for self-sufficient living

With a storage system, you can use electricity whenever you need it. You can use solar energy generated during the day to light your home, power appliances, or charge your electric car at night. This flexibility makes homes less dependent on the power grid and ensures that self-generated electricity is used to its fullest potential.

Another advantage is that it protects against power outages. Battery systems can supply power during outages, ensuring that energy is always available for lighting, kitchen appliances, or heating systems, even in areas without a grid connection.

This storage makes significantly more energy available for self-consumption. People who generate more of their own energy need to buy less. This minimizes the carbon footprint and saves money on electricity bills in the long run.

Thermal storage methods are also used, in conjunction with batteries. These store thermal energy so that it can quickly heat water or buildings. These methods, whether used with photovoltaics or small wind turbines, offer a long-term solution in areas with adverse weather conditions.

Different types of electricity storage systems

Off-grid systems require efficient energy storage to store energy and release it when needed. Different technologies offer different advantages and applications.

Batteries: Lead-acid vs. Lithium-ion

Lead-acid batteries are robust and cost-effective options. However, they offer a shorter lifespan and lower capacity than more modern alternatives. For applications with frequent discharges, they provide limited cycle stability and require more maintenance.

Lithium-ion batteries store a lot of energy without being heavy and require very little maintenance. While they cost more to purchase, they last longer and save money in the long run. They also allow for particularly efficient use of excess solar power, resulting in less energy loss.

Hydrogen storage as an alternative

Hydrogen storage systems utilize surplus electricity for electrolysis and store it long-term. This technology allows for higher capacities and is particularly suitable for large-scale off-grid systems. One advantage is its long-term storability, which compensates for seasonal fluctuations.

Installation requires complex technology and higher investment. Its use in the private sector remains limited. However, hydrogen offers potential for sustainable energy systems, especially when combined with batteries.

Thermal energy storage

A thermal storage system works essentially like a large thermos: it stores energy in the form of heat, for example in heated water. This allows the house to be supplied with hot water or heating energy – and this is invaluable, especially in cold regions.

Thermal storage systems are less suitable for meeting electrical energy needs. However, they often complement electrical storage to increase overall efficiency. These systems support a sustainable heat supply independent of the grid.

Selecting the appropriate storage system

Service life and performance

With a lifespan of up to 10 years and high cycle stability, lithium-ion batteries are a reliable choice. Replacement intervals are minimized. At the same time, low charging losses and stable voltage ensure efficiency.

This reduces dependence on external energy sources and increases the stability of off-grid power supply.

Capacity and space requirements

Storage capacity should be adapted to average energy consumption and seasonal fluctuations. Modularly expandable batteries offer a flexible solution for this. Individual capacities range from 3 to 5 kWh. Expansion options are available if needed.

High energy density is a significant characteristic of batteries that need to be installed in a space-saving manner. Lithium systems are more compact than lead-acid alternatives, making them particularly suitable for small installation areas.

Costs and efficiency

Lithium storage systems require significantly less space compared to conventional lead-acid batteries – they are therefore perfect for basements, garages or other confined spaces.

Costs arise from frequent replacement cycles or technical failures.

Installation and maintenance of energy storage systems

Safety aspects

A safe storage location should be dry, well-ventilated, and free of flammable materials. Particular care is required with lithium-ion batteries, which are the most commonly used type. Advanced battery management systems (BMS) protect against overcharging and deep discharging. The devices do not overheat, and the risk of fire remains minimal thanks to automatic temperature monitoring and emergency shutdowns.

An ambient temperature of 10 to 30 °C is optimal. The storage unit must be placed in an easily accessible location so that all safety devices can be checked regularly. Proximity to the electrical distribution panel saves on cable runs and simplifies maintenance.

Maintenance instructions

Experts recommend a qualified electrician inspect your appliance every four years . This includes cleaning the fans, checking the connections, and inspecting the casing for damage. To maintain the function of lead-acid batteries, it is necessary to top them up with distilled water.

Temperature and ventilation should be monitored regularly. Software and firmware updates are also required for lithium-ion systems.

What could the future of energy storage systems look like?

By 2035, a significant decrease in the costs of such systems will likely be observed – due in part to optimized production processes and increasing demand.

To support the rapidly increasing use of renewable energies, however, more flexible storage solutions are needed, argue industry experts. The role of decentralized systems should be emphasized to ensure a constant and less fluctuating access to energy.

Companies like EcoFlow Home Battery  use integrated storage solutions with smart control and automated processes to improve energy management and optimize consumption.

Another focus is on multifunctional storage systems . These can provide energy for various applications, such as operating heat pumps or charging electric vehicles. To meet the increased energy demands of modern cultural institutions and art venues, the capacities of such systems are also growing.

Scientists are developing new technologies, such as sodium-based solid-state batteries . These have the potential to further improve energy density and cycle stability while minimizing safety risks. In the coming decades, such innovations will significantly shape the development of energy storage technologies.

Progress in efficiency, cost reduction, and versatility is crucial for decision-making.